雷暴云顶和低电离层之间的大气放电现象研究进展     

杨静  何其佳  钟丽华. 《气象与环境科学》2018,41(4):119-129

雷暴云顶和低电离层之间的大气放电是20世纪90年代(1989年)新发现的一类大空间尺度(垂直尺度几十千米,水平尺度甚至达到几百千米)放电现象,由于它们的持续时间比较短(ms量级),因此又被称为瞬态发光事件(Transient Luminous Events,TLEs)。由于瞬态发光事件连接对流层、平流层、中间层、低热层等多个大气层,因此是对流层与上层大气之间物质能量交换的重要瞬态物理过程,对这类放电现象的研究,有助于揭示整层大气间的耦合机制问题。瞬态发光事件对中高层大气的物理性质、化学性质、空间电磁环境及临近空间内飞行器的安全运行有直接影响。截至目前,已经发现的瞬态发光现象包括红色精灵(又称为"红闪",sprites)、淘气精灵(elves)、蓝色喷流(blue jets)、蓝色启辉器(blue starters)、巨大喷流(gigantic jets)和光晕(halos)等多种形式。以上述几种放电现象为主线,对相关研究成果进行了介绍,同时对未来的研究工作进行了展望。  相似文献   

Photometric distances to dark clouds: cometary globule CG 12     

G. Maheswar  P. Manoj  H. C. Bhatt 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2004,355(4):1272-1282

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从气旋和反气旋谈正、负阻尼     

刘式达  刘式适  付遵涛 《大气科学》2014,38(6):1041-1043

在定常条件下,利用简化的大气运动控制方程,分析了气旋与反气旋的基本特征。在此基础上,利用常微分方程的定性分析与求解,获得了气旋和反气旋轨道的解析解。接合气旋与反气旋的基本特征,论证了正负阻尼在气旋和反气旋运动中具体体现,并从物理机理上说明产生气旋和反气旋运动中正负阻尼的差异在于水平辐合在低层的不同。  相似文献   

2008-2011年湖北省暖干类暴雨特征分析     

谌伟  李武阶  邓红  龙利民  牛奔  董良鹏  陈璇 《气象与环境学报》2014,30(5):113-119

选取2008-2011年湖北省7个暖干类暴雨个例,利用GFS 0.5°×0.5°再分析资料进行合成分析。结果表明：湖北省暖干类暴雨过程中,正涡度平流不是大范围出现,而是以正涡度平流核的形式出现并随着风场流转,使暴雨区各层涡度平流的配置快速发生变化,容易引起上升运动的突然加强;暖平流从中高层扩展至整层,强暖平流中心出现在临近暴雨发生时的边界层,热力强迫导致低层强辐合,950 hPa上下强暖平流中心与暴雨点位置较一致,对暖干类暴雨的预报有较好的指示意义;中层干空气和低层暖湿空气的侵入是暴雨区对流不稳定增长的主要影响因子,均与副热带高压的西伸发展有关。  相似文献   

Astronomical calibration of the Valanginian “Weissert” episode: The Orpierre marl–limestone succession (Vocontian Basin,southeastern France)     

《Cretaceous Research》2013

A high-resolution, biostratigraphic (calcareous nannofossils, calpionellids), chemostratigraphic (C-isotope) and cyclostratigraphic (magnetic susceptibility) study was performed on the marl–limestone alternations of the Upper Berriasian–Valanginian Orpierre section, deposited in the hemipelagic setting of the Vocontian Basin (SE France). The main aims of this study were to detect orbital forcing, to estimate the duration of the Valanginian “Weissert” episode, and to discuss the palaeoenvironmental implications. Detailed calcareous nannofossil biochronology allowed the recognition of Upper Berriasian–Lower Hauterivian biohorizons. The general trends of the δ¹³C curve and the major positive C-isotope excursion (amplitude of 1.8‰) recorded at the Orpierre section are very similar to those found in other sections worldwide. Spectral analysis applied on high-resolution magnetic susceptibility (MS) variations coupled with frequency ratio method reveals a strong cyclic pattern related to the Earth's orbital parameters (precession, obliquity and eccentricity). The prominent 405 kyr eccentricity cycle in the MS signal and has been used as a geochronometer to time calibrate the section. The duration of the Weissert episode was estimated as 2.08 Myr. This duration is coherent with those obtained from the Umbria Marche Basin (∼2.3 Myr) and from the Angles section (∼2.14 Myr). Durations of more than 2 Myr suggest that a long perturbation in the dynamic of the global carbon cycle that is not compatible with the rapid and intense volcanic activity. Our cyclostratigraphic study indicates a minimal duration of 4.29 Myr for the Valanginian stage. The comparison between the MS signal at Orpierre and the spectral gamma-ray signal recently obtained in two composite sections of the Vocontian Basin allows to propose a revised duration for the Valanginian stage of 4.695 Myr instead of 5.08 Myr.  相似文献   

Positive Ion Contained in Tamarix Cone Sedimentary Veins and Climatic and Environmental Change in Southern Region of Taklimakan Desert     

Liu Qian  Gao Chenjing  Zhao Yuanjie  Xia Xuncheng 《地球科学进展》2013,28(12):1326-1334

Based on the research on Tamarix cone sedimentary veins in three different places which are Andier Ancient City, Andier Meadow, and Damagou Township in the southern region of the Taklimakan Desert, the relationship between the characteristics of the positive ion content in Tamarix fallen leaves and climatic change during the past 400 years is systematically analyzed. The results show: the order of four kinds of positive ion content’s change range in three sampling sites is Ca²⁺> K⁺> Mg²⁺> Na⁺. The correlation coefficient between Ca²⁺ content and the total positive ion content is higher, which indicates that Ca²⁺ content or the total positive ion content can reflect the change trends. There is an inverse correlation between positive ion content in Tamarix fallen leaves and the local temperature. According to the change of positive ion content, the climate in the southern region of the Taklimakan Desert can be divided into cold and warm periods during the past 400 years, among which the period of 1590-1691 is warm period, of 1692-1896 is cold period (warm fluctuations are 1799-1808,1825-1829,1878-1881,1887-1891), of 1897-2010 is warm period (cold fluctuations are 1939-1941,1992-1998); Precipitation has a poor correlation with the positive ion content; There is a better correspondence between the changes of positive ion content and the regional flood events. This research provides a kind of research method for the environmental evolution in the southern region of the Taklimakan Desert,and it is of great help to environmental change research of the arid desert regions. It has further perfected the feasibility of using positive ion content in Tamarix cone sedimentary veins to reveal the environmental change, and fills up the blank of high resolution climatic change during the past 400 years in the southern region of the Taklimakan Desert.  相似文献   

内蒙古典型暴雨过程的中尺度雨团观测分析   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

常煜 《应用气象学报》2016,27(1):56-66

利用FY-2E逐时云顶黑体亮温资料 (TBB)、闪电定位资料、自动气象站资料和逐时降水资料,对2009—2013年6—8月内蒙古7例暴雨天气过程的中尺度雨团特征进行分析。结果表明:内蒙古暴雨的降水强度在1~3 h即可达到暴雨或大暴雨量级,中尺度雨团活动是内蒙古暴雨过程形成原因,而80%雨团活动是中尺度对流系统 (MCS) 造成的。MCS内TBB不超过-52℃冷云区和地闪密度大值中心对雨团强度和发展具有重要的指示作用,冷锋云系中MCS造成的雨团多原地生成和消亡,TBB不超过-52℃冷云区面积小,维持时间为2~8 h,地闪密度增长缓慢而且发生频次低;冷涡云系中雨团跳跃式出现在MCS冷云区或冷空气流入一侧,出现TBB不超过-62℃冷云区,雨团出现频次高,持续出现时间可长达24 h,地闪密度增长迅速且发生频次高。7次暴雨过程中约有60%雨团伴有地闪活动,地闪密度达到最大值时刻预示未来1~3 h最强雨团出现和MCS发展到成熟。地面加密风场中尺度辐合线先于MCS和雨团出现,中尺度辐合线造成的局地辐合可作为MCS发展的启动机制。  相似文献   

云南4次热带系统影响强对流风暴卫星云图和地闪特征   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

张杰  张腾飞 《气象科学》2019,39(4):502-514

利用NCEP再分析气象资料及FY-2E卫星云图、地闪、地面自动站和气象灾情等资料对热带系统影响下的4类强对流风暴卫星云图特征和地闪演变规律进行分析。结果表明:西移北抬的赤道辐合带、副高、热带低压等热带系统外围偏东、西南和东北气流为强对流风暴发生发展提供有利环流背景及充足水汽和较高的对流有效位能,800 hPa中尺度辐合线及风随高度顺转和高层反气旋低层气旋的垂直流场结构为强对流风暴提供动力条件;在高能高湿环境条件下,由于辐合抬升作用,对流单体生成、不断长大、有规律排列、相互合并发展成不同大小和形状的单单体风暴、多单体风暴、飑线、MCC,结构密实和不均匀,伴随激烈地闪的同时产生冰雹大风和短时强降水等强对流天气;4种类型强对流风暴云顶亮温与总、负、正闪频数随时间演变规律基本一致,正、负地闪活跃程度能表征强对流风暴发展演变状况,与云顶亮温之间存在较好的相关关系,总(负)地闪频数演变趋势与云顶亮温演变趋势相反。  相似文献   

用VLF/VHF信号大容量采集系统观测云地闪电放电过程   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

祝宝友  刘亦风  陶善昌 《大气科学》2002,26(4):459-473

简述了一种高分辨、大容量闪电VLF/VHF信号记录系统,报道了一次包含12次对地回击、平均回击间隔70ms、持续时间超过800 ms的地闪放电过程的VLF/VHF辐射波形全景以及分析结果.这一个典型事例揭示了一些有趣的现象:(1)这次过程的头5 ms出现了强烈的VLF双极性大脉冲序列,标志着云内初始击穿过程启动;对应于一系列VLF辐射事件出现了强烈的VHF辐射爆发,总体上看,前380 ms期间VHF辐射异常强烈,呈现为间歇式准连续辐射,之后强烈VHF辐射则更多地表现为分立脉冲式爆发特征.(2)与回击主电流峰期间VHF辐射较弱不同,地闪最强的VHF辐射来自初始击穿过程和回击后云内放电通道扩展或者新通道形成过程;在初始击穿阶段和回击间歇期,出现了不止一次强烈的VHF辐射爆发并不伴随明显的VLF辐射.(3)回击间歇期间一类云中放电过程产生一系列半宽为3～4μs左右、出现频率约105Hz的VLF快脉冲串,整个脉冲串持续时间约1ms,频谱峰值区域在60～90 kHz,并伴随较强的VHF辐射,这些特征都与直窜先导特征一致.很可能这是一种云内K事件.(4)还给出了江淮地区地闪过程回击VLF/VHF辐射波形的统计特征,统计还显示当相继两次回击间隔小于40 ms时后面回击幅度倾向于比前面回击弱,当回击间隔时间大于100 ms时,后面回击比前面回击强的可能性大.  相似文献   

Characterization and Quantification of Uncertainty in?Coregionalization Analysis     

Guillaume Larocque  Pierre Dutilleul  Bernard Pelletier  James W. Fyles 《Mathematical Geology》2007,39(3):263-288

Coregionalization analysis has been presented as a method of multi-scale analysis for multivariate spatial data. Despite an increasing use of this method in environmental and earth sciences, the uncertainty associated with the estimation of parameters in coregionalization analysis (e.g., sills and functions of sills) is potentially high and has not yet been characterized. This article aims to discuss the theory underlying coregionalization analysis and assess the robustness and limits of the method. A theoretical framework is developed to calculate the ergodic and fluctuation variance-covariance matrices of least-squares estimators of sills in the linear model of coregionalization. To adjust for the positive semidefiniteness constraint on estimated coregionalization matrices, a confidence interval estimation procedure for sills and functions of sills is presented. Thereafter, the relative importance of uncertainty measures (bias and variance) for sills and structural coefficients of correlation and determination is assessed under different scenarios to identify factors controlling their uncertainty. Our results show that the sampling grid density, the choice of the least-squares estimator of sills, the positive semidefiniteness constraint, the presence of scale dependence in the correlations, and the number and range of variogram models, all affect the level of uncertainty, sometimes through multiple interactions. The asymptotic properties of variogram model parameter estimators in a bounded sampling domain impose a theoretical limit to their accuracy and precision. Because of this limit, the uncertainty was found to be high for several scenarios, especially with three variogram models, and was often more dependent on the ratio of variogram range to domain extent than on the sampling grid density. In practice, in the coregionalization analysis of a real dataset, the circular requirement for sill estimates in the calculation of uncertainty measures makes the quantification of uncertainty very problematic, if not impossible. The use of coregionalization analysis must be made with due knowledge of the uncertainty levels and limits of the method.  相似文献